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The concept of struggle for existence is of competition or battle for resources needed to live. It can refer to human society, or to organisms in nature. The concept is ancient, and was referred to by such phrases as "Nature's war"; the term ''struggle for existence'' was in use by the end of the 18th century. From the 17th century onwards the concept was associated with population exceeding resources, an issue shown starkly in Thomas Robert Malthus’s ''An Essay on the Principle of Population'' which drew on Benjamin Franklin's ''Observations Concerning the Increase of Mankind, Peopling of Countries, etc.''. Charles Darwin used the phrase "struggle for existence" in a broader sense, and chose the term as the title to the third chapter of ''On the Origin of Species'' published in 1859. Using Malthus’s idea of the struggle for existence, Darwin was able to change his view of adaptation, which was highly influential in the formulation of the theory of natural selection.〔Ospovat, Dov. ''The Development of Darwin's Theory: Natural History, Natural Theology, and Natural Selection, 1838-1859.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981, 61-86.〕 In addition, Alfred Wallace independently used the struggle for existence to help conclude on the same theory of evolution.〔Petersen, William. ''Malthus.'' Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1979, 219-223.〕 Later, T.H. Huxley further developed the idea of the struggle for existence. Huxley did not fully agree with Darwin on natural selection, but he did agree that there was a struggle for existence in nature.〔 While the idea of the struggle for existence was developing in the western world, there were other interpretations of the struggle for existence, especially by Peter Kropotkin in Russia.〔Paradis, James G. ''T.H. Huxley: man's place in nature.'' Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1978, 145.〕〔Todes, Daniel Philip. ''Darwin without Malthus the struggle for existence in Russian evolutionary thought.'' New York: Oxford University Press, 1989.〕 Also, the struggle for existence was questioned in the United States in the 1930s, as the idea of cooperation among organisms became popular.〔 More recently, it has been argued that the struggle for existence is not as important on macroevolutionary time scales.〔Bennett, K. D. ''Evolution and Ecology: The Pace of Life''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.〕 == Background == ''Further Information: ''Natural selection The idea of the struggle for existence has been used in multiple disciplines. It became popular in the mid 19th century, through the work of Malthus, Darwin, Wallace, and others. The most popular use of the struggle for existence is in the explanation of the theory of natural selection by Charles Darwin. For more technical information on how the struggle for existence is meshed with the theory of natural selection see the main article for natural selection. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「struggle for existence」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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